There are five divine guidelines that the Qur’an clearly presents to Muslims for building tolerance and understanding among differing religions
- Everyone’s God-given human dignity must be respected, regardless of his or her faith, race, ethnic origin, gender, or social status (17:70). Because everyone is created by God Almighty, the Maker of All, humans must treat one another with full honor, respect, and loving-kindness.
- Islam teaches it is by Divine Will that God’s human creation follows different religions, or no religion at all — no religion is nevertheless a faith, or belief-system. (11:118), (10:99), (18:29). But God Almighty is not pleased when some humans choose not to believe. (39:7)
- The Qur’an states clearly that freedom of religion is a God-given right (18:29), (10:99).
- The final judgment of all humanity lies in the hands of God, the One Almighty, their Creator, to whom we all will ultimately return (22:68-69), (42:15).
- God loves justice and those who strive to practice it, especially toward people who are different from them in any way, particularly in matters of religious belief (5:8), (60:8). Islam’s Contribution to Human Civilization
Islam’s golden age in science, technology and intellectual culture spanned about 500 years, from the ninth until the 14th centuries. Muslim achievements in these areas greatly influenced the European Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as the birth of modern scientific method in the 17th century.
Bertrand Russell, the famous British philosopher, has rightly claimed, it was Muslims “who introduced the empirical method” in the study of nature and cultivated it widely when they were leaders of the civilized world.
The scientific method, as it has been developed in modern western science, was indeed invented by Muslims and first practiced by them on a large scale. Muslim scientists then were not only Arabs, but also people of other racial and ethnic groups such as Persians, East Indians, and Chinese.
Decades ago, when the Italian Orientalist, Assendro Baussani tried to hammer home the point that “Islam is an integral part of Western intellectual culture,” he was one of the few Western voices then aware of the historical role of Islam in European civilization.
Very few people today know that Ibn Sina’s best medical work, The Canon of Medicine, was taught for centuries in western universities and was one of the most frequently-printed scientific texts of the Renaissance. When the famous 13th-century theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas, wanted to create a new rational theology, he studied an Islamized Arabic version of Aristotle. Aquinas realized that Aristotle had found a new home in Islam, so he wanted to seek one in Christianity as well.
Given the fact that today some people believe in an imminent “clash of civilizations” and a fundamental incompatibility between Islam and the West, it is worth remembering that our two civilizations do share a precious intellectual heritage in common. The West takes great pride in modern science as one of the greatest achievements of its intellect, an achievement no one should deny or belittle. Modern science could not have developed without the Renaissance. But without Islamic science and philosophy to build on, there would have been no Renaissance!